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We perform these simple puppy assessments for puppies over age 2 to 8 weeks.

• Test No. 1 for independent-mindedness: Cradle the puppy on its back like a baby, place a hand gently on its chest, and look directly in its eyes. Pups that accept this handling are considered biddable, while those that resist are more likely to be independent-minded.

• Test No. 2 for independent-mindedness: Hold pup suspended under its armpits with hind legs dangling, while looking directly in its eyes. Those pups that submit are said to have a low score for willfulness, while those that struggle may want to do things their own way.

• Noise sensitivity test: Drop keys or a tin pan to test the dog for noise sensitivity. Sound sensitivity in puppies is a strong emotional or physical response to a sudden or loud sound within the environment. You want the dog to react and acknowledge that the sound occurred, but the puppy should not be cowering or apparently losing its mind.

• People-friendly test: See how the pup reacts to a stranger entering the room or to being left alone in the room. Does the puppy run and greet or cower and cry? You want a puppy to be fully socialized with people by 3 months of age.

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Pups usually fall into three broad categories:

• Independent: The puppy could not care less when the person left or came back. This may indicate a tendency toward more independent, willful behavior, or improper bonding.

• Super needy: The dog whined and ignored toys when the person left and clung to the person when present. This may suggest overattachment issues that can be predictive of future separation anxiety.

• Middle of the road: The pup paid attention to the person coming and going, but was not traumatized and enjoyed the toys. This suggests a healthy attachment and an easygoing personality without the need for either firmness or coddling.